Starting from the end of the 11th century, changes took place in the character of the established Carolingian uncial writing: the writing of letters became compacted, their roundings broke down and the vertical stroke became stronger. The concentration of the reader began to be transferred from a single letter to the image of a word. The emerging Gothic type set a new historical milestone. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
History 2024, December
Maria Mancini was a beautiful young Roman woman who captured the heart of the Sun King. Her father, Baron Lorenzo Mancini, a necromancer and astrologer, had five daughters whom he planned to marry. But before he could arrange profitable marriages for his children, he died. His wife, Baroness Geronima Mazzarini, a Sicilian noblewoman, brought her daughters to Paris. There she hoped to use her influence to arrange marriages for her daughters. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Russian history of discoveries is full of its names. A huge number of researchers were from the territory of the Russian Empire, and therefore they carried out their campaigns on its territory. One of these pioneers was the polar explorer Wrangel Ferdinand Petrovich. A brief biography of what he discovered and other interesting information will be presented to your attention in the article. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
In the residence of the French kings, in the Palace of Fontainebleau, in June 1268, the royal couple, Philip III the Bold and Isabella of Aragon, had a son, who was named after his father - Philip. Already in the first days of little Philip's life, everyone noted his unprecedented angelic beauty and the piercing gaze of his huge brown eyes. No one then could have predicted that the newly born second heir to the throne would be the last of the Capetian family, an outstanding king of France. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
According to official statistics, about 490,000 women were drafted into the war. They fought on a par with men, received honorary awards, died for their homeland, and persecuted the Nazis to their last breath. Who are these great women?. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Speech is something we use all the time. Almost every interaction with people we support with the help of words. But if you think about it, can it go far beyond the usual conversation? History suggests - yes, it can. And from whom can we learn this if not from the great orators of Ancient Rome. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Princess Olga was the first ruler in the history of Russia to convert to Christianity. This wise and courageous woman had to take the reins of power after her husband, Prince Igor, was killed, and her son Svyatoslav was too small to rule. The years of government, during which many events took place, including the tax reform of Princess Olga, fell on the period from 945 to 962. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Richard Dawkins is a prominent British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, writer, famous popularizer of science and an atheist. He is the author of the concept of "meme", widely used in the network. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The simplest lathe was invented centuries ago. It differed from modern models in the reliability of nodes, processing speed. On the first designs it was impossible to process even the softest metal. Only the tree succumbed to cutting by rotation. Modern machines can produce thousands of batches of parts without changeover from the toughest materials. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The article tells about the stages of development of the automotive industry of the USSR and the main milestones of this long and difficult path, which has become one of the pages of the national history of the 20th century. A brief outline of the most famous models of cars that have become legends of the Soviet automobile industry is given. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Moscow Criminal Investigation (MCC) - the police department for the city of Moscow, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire. He received this name in 1881, and wore it until 1917. Subsequently, the ICC became known as the MUR. It was in charge of the investigation and disclosure of crimes related to the concept of criminal, as well as the search for those who committed or were involved in the crime, and missing residents. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The real birthday of the GAI of the USSR is July 3, 1936. It was on this day that Decree No. 1182 was issued under the title "Regulations on the State Automobile Inspectorate of the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia of the NKVD of the USSR." The employees of this service were already set broader goals and objectives. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
City streets often bear the names of famous people throughout the country. But it also happens that they are not familiar to everyone, but only to local residents who honor the memory of their heroes. Senior Lieutenant of Militia Petushkov Vasily Timofeevich is one of those whose name is well known in South Tushino (Moscow) thanks to old-timers and cadets of the police college, equal to the best in the profession. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The coup of 1991 was a key moment in the history of the Russian state. It was at this time that the dictatorship was rejected by the masses, and the choice of the majority was on the side of democracy and freedom. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The proposed article tells about the events of 1991, the result of which was the final collapse of the USSR, and the formation of the Commonwe alth of Independent States. A brief outline of the main stages of this historical process is given. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The article describes the position of France in the First World War, as well as the prerequisites that served as the beginning of the conflict. The main information about the most significant operations in which the French military participated and their consequences is reported. The consequences of the war for key participants in the conflict are revealed. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Paganism is the religion of all ancient peoples, and the Romans are no exception. Consider the features of Roman paganism and the pantheon of gods. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Ethiopia (Abyssinia) is an ancient African state that arose in the 12th century and at the height of its greatness included a number of the current states of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. This is the only country in Africa that not only retained its independence during the period of colonial expansion of the European powers, but also managed to inflict a number of serious defeats on them. So, Ethiopia withstood the onslaught of Portugal, Egypt and Sudan, Great Britain, and at the end of the 19th century Italy. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
It is almost endless to talk about the activities of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great. He was a bright enough person, and left a mark in the history of Russia so noticeable that descendants are still arguing over what to put Pyotr Alekseevich with a bold plus, and which cases should be attributed to minuses. What, in fact, prompted the Russian emperor to start a global restructuring?. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Great attention was paid to religious holidays. In ancient Rome, people believed that every object has a soul. And a certain god gave him this soul. Therefore, they worshiped deities who, in their opinion, could bring them both we alth and grief. Therefore, the celebrations mainly included the presentation of gifts to the gods in order to appease them. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Thanks to Vladimir Vysotsky's song about the legendary Captain Cook, the name of this navigator became known to almost all compatriots. But the literary component of the song "Why the aborigines ate Cook" (you will find the chords in the article) greatly diverged from reality. Although the biography of the famous pioneer actually has many colorful episodes. Last modified: 2024-01-02 17:01
There are tragic pages in the history of every country. They evoke conflicting feelings. But they are united in one thing: they must be remembered in order to prevent repetition. In the United States, the name of one such page is "Arizona" - a battleship that died in 1941 and led the country to join World War II. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Leushinsky Monastery began with the construction of a small wooden church in the village of the same name in the Novgorod province. Funds for the construction were allocated by the landowner G. V. Kargopoltseva, the church was consecrated in honor of John the Baptist. At the same time, the merchant G. M. Medvedev donated the icon of the Praise of the Mother of God, which soon became famous for its miraculous work. It was in 1862. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Boris Panin is a citizen of Nizhny Novgorod (a resident of Gorky), drafted into the army for military service at the age of twenty. From October 1942 to August 4, 1943 he took part in the battles of the Great Patriotic War. In less than a year, a twenty-two-year-old guy accomplished so many feats, defending his homeland from the Nazis, that he was awarded the Golden Star of a Hero. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The history of Lysva - a city located on the river of the same name in the Perm Territory - begins in the middle of the 17th century. A small settlement of Old Believers through the centuries turned into the administrative center of the Lysvensky urban district with a population of more than 60 thousand people. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Questions about where the Slavs came from, when and where the Slavic people arose, excite people who want to know their roots. Science studies the ethnogenesis of the Slavic tribes, based on archaeological, linguistic and other discoveries, but does not give an unambiguous answer to many difficult questions. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Archaeological excavations are the opening of a layer of earth in order to study the monuments of former settlement sites. Unfortunately, this process leads to partial destruction of the cultural layer of soil. Unlike laboratory experiments, it is not possible to re-excavate an archaeological site. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Vikings made devastating raids throughout Europe in the VIII-XI centuries. They were courageous warriors and talented sailors. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Many of us love to visit castles while traveling - beautiful old buildings that still awe with their grandeur. Of course, they all deserve our attention, but there are those that every person needs to see at least once in their life. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The social institution of eunuchs was formed in ancient times! They were Assyrians, Persians, Byzantines. It then became widespread in China. It was there that these people began to be treated not as "yard rats", but they were endowed with very powerful power. Since then, eunuchs have been hired by high-ranking nobles … Let's find out how this happened. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Today the concept of "noble people" has already become historicism. And once it was a determining factor in the fate of a person. This helped to achieve high positions in the state, receive a rich dowry, achieve success, we alth and respect from others. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
During the Great Patriotic War, the soldiers of the Red Army were ready to do anything to prevent the invaders from destroying their homeland. One example of this is the hero of the Soviet Union Panikakha Mikhail Averyanovich. Defending the Motherland, he went to his death, while destroying an enemy tank. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Specificity of feudal relations between landowners. The positions of the king, the change of power and the exchange of lands for an army. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Full biography of the famous Russian actor. His successes in the theatrical field and in cinema. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
In the period from 1714 to 1719, by decree of Peter I, a regional reform was carried out, within which new separate subjects were identified. On the basis of this decree, the Nizhny Novgorod province was removed from the Kazan province and made an independent unit with the center in Nizhny Novgorod. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
The rivers of the Sverdlovsk region were famous for a large number of fish several centuries ago. However, with the construction of the dam, the species population began to decline sharply. The first dam, located on the Iset reservoir, caused the death of many representatives. Unfortunately, the installation of dams affected almost all (even mountain) rivers, so the number of fish inhabiting other streams is declining to this day. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Novgorod land in the Middle Ages was considered the largest center of trade. From here it was possible to get to Western European countries and to the B altic Sea. Volga Bulgaria, Vladimir principality were located relatively close. The Volga was the waterway to the eastern Muslim countries. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
After the collapse of the USSR, the question arose about the further development of the geopolitical situation in the region. On December 8, 1991, a decision was made to form a new international community of states. The heads of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia took part in the signing of the main document. The place of signing was the residence of Viskuli, located on the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Socialist competition is the competition in labor productivity between shops, state enterprises, teams and even individual workers that existed in the Soviet Union. Among other things, educational institutions of the "Labor reserves" took part in the socialist competitions. This was supposed to be able to replace the competition that existed in the capitalist world. This practice existed in the Soviet Union, as well as in countries that were part of the Eastern Bloc. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12
Black Hundreds were members of Russian patriotic organizations of 1905-17 who adhered to the positions of monarchism, anti-Semitism and great-power chauvinism. These organizations applied terror to the rioters. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:12